Essay on The Rise of European Empires - 1330 Words

The one constant theme from any period in history we examine seems to be that of change. As Europe began to take shape, it did so with an expansion and contraction rate that was dramatically impacted by changes in political organizations, positive and negative economic forces, and through shifts in social structure. The path to the creation of the European empires was a long and tedious journey. Sixth century feudalism gave way to the creation of a central authority. The thirteenth century was scarred by the Black Death but it brought about economic changes that would resonate well into the Renaissance period of the fifteenth century. Nation-states began their formation as the need for a centralized government dictated. With each step†¦show more content†¦This shift of power ushered a wave of broader taxation, organized armies, government officials rather than nobility and, a rise of power in the middle class. The thirteenth century saw the arrival of the Black Death, which was one of the most destructive pandemics to strike Europe during the mid thirteenth century. It was believed to have been brought aboard ships from Asia, it â€Å"arrived in Messina, Sicily, in October 1347 and then landed in London around 1348, without waning until the spring of 1350. It is â€Å"generally assumed to have killed between one third and one half of the populace† but being carried over to Scotland, it was being spread and began to rejuvenate its wrath â€Å"in the spring of 1350† there, before making its way over southward to Wales then back up into Ireland. The plague reappeared in â€Å"1361-64, 1368, 1371, 1371-75, 1390, 1405 and continued into the fifteenth century.† The result was a dramatic reduction in population, a surplus of luxury goods, land and money to those who would not have otherwise had access to it; and, an increased need for laborers. Because of the increase in prosperity in the aftermath of the darkness spread by the Black Death, there was a need for political change away from structures that were created during periods of great instability. Between 1337 and 1453, The Hundred Years War between England andShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Role During The Middle Eastern Modernity953 Words   |  4 PagesName Tutor Name Date The Role Played by Europeans in Middle Eastern Modernity The term modernity is widely used to refer to various changes in cultural and social norms that occurred in post-medieval Europe. The concept includes different but interrelated historical and cultural events that impacted politics, human culture, and social institutions. In simple words, modernity can be referred to as the aspect of being up to date, usually characterized by a contemporary way of thinking or living. 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CASA Ethical Business Considerations Free Essays

Abstract This paper explores the mission and goals of CASE, a nonprofit organization which provides advocacy for children in court proceedings. CASES mission and goals will be explained and ethical considerations with regard to a nonprofits fundraising strategy will be discussed. An overview of the benefits received from technological advancements will be discussed and applied to CASES fundraising strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on CASA Ethical Business Considerations or any similar topic only for you Order Now CASE’ nonprofit status and Internal Revenue Code section 501 (sys applicability to COCA’S financial and budgetary operations will be addressed and analyzed. An evaluation of COCA’S budget process and revenue sources will be discussed, along with internal factors which may impact its successful strategic financial planning. COCA’S use of cost-benefit analysis will be discussed and the analysis will conclude with an overview of COCA’S cash management and investment strategies, and an assessment of COCA’S present overall condition. Keywords: CASE, mission statement, goals, ethical standards for nonprofits, fundraising, technological improvements, IRS section 501 (c) nonprofit status, annual Form 990 filing requirements, budget, revenue, strategic uncial planning, cost-benefit analysis, cash management, Investment strategies, financial assessment CASE for Children Mission and Goals of CASE CASE is a nationwide nonprofit organization that advocates in state and local courts for the best interests of abused and neglected children through the services of specially selected and trained community volunteers. These volunteers come from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The mission of the National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association (NCSA), together with its chartered state and local members, is to support and promote court appointed voluntary advocacy so hat every abused and neglected child can be safe, establish permanence and have the opportunity to thrive (Keeping our promise: National COCA’S strategic objectives). Every court In the united States recognizes that a CASE volunteer Is essential for a successful outcome for children . And [e]very child can thrive In the safe embrace of a loving family. † (Ibid. ). CASE trains and supports court approved volunteers to advocate for children who need representation in court proceedings in order to ensure that the best interest of these children are met quickly and efficiently. The ultimate goal of CASE is to make sure children affected by the court system secure a safe and permanent home. Ethical Considerations Related to Finance Budgeting Within CASE COCA’S receives funding through a variety of sources including grants, local governments, fundraising events, and corporate and private donations. Sometimes 0 good intentions get the best of even the best-intentioned, and all the assumptions about goodness make for some easy marks, In terms of fraud (Jennings, M. , 2012, p. 559). â€Å"There’s tremendous pressure on Charles today to Increase their revenues to meet expenses and growing public needs. Unfortunately, this can Influence some organizations to take financial risks because of potential rewards. † (Bennett M Bureaus, Ibid. ). Successful fundraising by regional CASE programs sponsored by the national organization is the primary source of its financial resources. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fills researched local community needs. Often with nonprofits, the problem is not fraud by the organization; it is fraud or misconduct or missteps within the organization Innings, 2012, p. 5). Whether because of inexperience, the need for flexibility in management, or, Just as with companies, the drive for success and results, there have been some ethical issues that have proven costly for nonprofit organizations (Ibid. ). Competition is stiff in raising funds for children’s programs like CASE and founders want to know that they are not throwing money away on a program that will fa il because of poor planning, lack of coordination or duplication of the efforts of other human service organizations. Technological Considerations for Improving the Efficiency Effectiveness CASE can provide efficient and effective services to children involved in the court system through improved technological fundraising and outreach processes which will increase the sustain the viability of its finance and budgeting systems. â€Å"Cloud computing, also known as the cloud,’ refers to applications, services, or software offered over the internet instead of requiring direct connections to a server. † (Boles, 2013, p. 70). Cloud technologies reduce the costs of services and the time it takes to communicate information among staff members, volunteers and donors via email and collaborative software (Ibid. The useful purpose of social media such as Faceable, Twitter, Linked, and Pinsetters will allow CASE to connect and interact with staffers, volunteers, donors, as well as affected children and their guardians (Ibid. ). Social media networks are increasingly important tools for nonprofits like CASE to raise awareness, conduct outreach and raise funds (Ibid. , up. 70, 71). Innovations such as cloud computing systems, social media and mobile technologies should be incorporated into COCA’S fundraising efforts in order to improve its quality of services and work processes. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Policies Impacting COCA’S Financial Budget Operations All state and local CASE organizations formed under the national CASE association must file for exemption status under section 501 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in order to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions and Form 990 annual tax returns of income and expenses even though they are exempt from income taxation under the Code (Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"Requirements for Exemption,† â€Å"Application for recognition of exemption,† â€Å"Exempt Organizations – Required Filings,† â€Å"Form 990 Resources,† and â€Å"Tools for Exempt Organizations†). Expected changes in auditing standards and Form 990 reporting for nonprofit organizations may require increased data gathering and raise the cost of audits. These changes are expected to have an impact on some CASE programs [and] National CASE recommends that member programs contact a tax professional or auditor for more information (whom. IRS. Org). Among these changes is the new Suite of Risk Assessment Audit Standards, CPA Statement on Auditing Standards Nose. National CASE regularly seeks ways to reduce costs for local chapters so that they can increase the number of children they serve and one of the areas CASE focuses n is insurance (NCSA). Pursuant to CASE standards, it is extremely important to have a well thought out risk management plan, including adequate insurance coverage to protect CASE staff, agency and the board (Ibid. ). Annual financial reviews are required of CASE programs with budgets of $50,000 or greater and annual audits are required for programs with budgets of over $200,000 (Ibid. . Searching for and purchasing cost-saving insurance coverage is an ongoing practice the CASE uses to keep expenses within its organization’s budget. COCA’S policy in contractual practices stresses that unwritten contracts must be in rating. â€Å"Putting an agreement in writing serves several goals. First a written contract provides an indisputable, although not necessarily unambiguous, record of the agreement. The law gives great weight to written, signed documents †¦ Second, the process of committing an agreement to writing forces both parties to be [clear] about the [terms] of the agreement. † (NCSA). Key elements for CASE service contracts terms should include scope of work, deadlines and duration, money, record keeping and reporting, rights to work products, liability protections, dispute resolution, legal implicate and contracting process (Ibid. ). COCA’S internal policy covering essential terms to be included in written contracts it enters into saves the organization costs that would otherwise be expended to enforce service agreements. Evaluation of COCA’S Budget Process Revenue Sources One of the great challenges facing CASE is to obtain the money required to launch the program and maintain its operations (NCSA). Who is going to pay for the CASE program implemented and used by the courts and the community leaders? (Ibid. ). COCA’S guidelines are found in its Manual, Section 1 – Planning a Quality Program, Chapter 6: Funding the Program, and includes how to develop the first budget, develop the right approach to fundraising, locating possible funding sources, locating federal funding, and locating National CASE resource development protocols (Ibid. . The first hurdle is to develop an expense budget by comparing what the actual costs of goods and services presently is for similar nonprofit organizations within in the chosen community the CASE chapter is to be located (Ibid). Budget expenses include personnel, equipment, volunteer support, facility, supplies, travel, telephone ND Internet servic e, administrative costs, staff training, and dues and publications (Ibid). After the type and amount of budget expenses are identified and estimated, an approach to fundraising must be established. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fits the community’s needs (NCSA). Keys to successful fundraising are to â€Å"know who you are asking, know what you are asking for, and ask and ask again. † (Ibid. ) Common funding sources are â€Å"in-kind contributions† in the form of support such as he court, community service organizations, state bar associations, and law firms (Ibid. ). Examples of federal funding are available in the form of grants authorized by Congress specifically for the expansion of CASE advocacy for abused and neglected children such as the National CASE Association of Grants Program, the Children’s Act (Ibid. ). As with all nonprofit organizations, CASE strives to obtain and sustain an optimal funding mix of public and private support to secure its future (Ibid. ). In today’s fragile economic climate, there is intense competition for both public and riveter funding support because of increased costs of doing business combined with recent curtailments in government funds. Therefore, to enhance its fundraising efforts, CASE uses several data collection surveys and evaluations to document and justify its performance. Internal Factors Impacting COCA’S Successful Strategic Financial Planning CASE has developed and implemented several internally generated data collection and evaluations of the quantity and quality of its services provided to children in order to assess its efforts and to ultimately improve its services (NCSA). COCA’S racketing and communications department collects, analyzes and publishes surveys such as yearly Recent Local Program Survey Reports, Performance Measurement, State Organization Survey Reports, and additional surveys such as Caliber Evaluation of CASE Representation Report, and Judges and Attorney Survey of Volunteer CASE/ GALS (Ibid. ). Another internal tool used by CASE is its CASE Effectiveness Manual (Manual) (Ibid. . The purpose of the Manual is to provide CASE programs with an easy to use system for tracking information necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of its state and local chapters’ programs (Ibid. â€Å"Emphasis is placed on how to write and measure goals related to child-outcomes. The Manual includes easy to follow definitions, instructions, tracking forms and sample surveys. † (Ibid. ). CASE utilizes a system of fund accounting which measures accountability instead of profitability with the purpose of stewardship of financial resources received and expended in compliance with certain legal requirements (NCSA). Financial reporting by CASE is directed at the public instead of investors and funds are established in order to ensure accountability and expenditure for designated purposes: restricted et assets versus unrestricted net assets (Ibid. ). Restricted assets can be classified as either temporary or permanently restricted assets (Ibid. ). A temporarily restricted net asset’s use is restricted by the donor until a future event occurs (for example, CASE may have received a grant which terms are restricted to hiring a new volunteer supervisor), while a permanently restricted net asset includes assets that are controlled by outside parties as opposed to COCA’S control over the asset (for example, property donated to CASE as long as it is used in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. . Unrestricted net assets are funds whose assets have no external restriction as to use or purpose and can be expended for any purpose as long as they are spent in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. ). These internal tools assist CASE in its fundraising success by Justifying its costs in return for its effective performance of children’s advocacy services. COCA’S Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis The National CASE Association surveys both the state organization and local programs to get an accurate reflection of the structure and operation of children advocacy programs across the country and, in 2013, the CASE network consisted of 51 organizations and local programs (The National CASE Association, 2013, p. 4). â€Å"The findings illustrated by these survey results are critically important to track the funding from diverse sources, and help The National CASE Association to better serve state and local organizations. (Ibid. ). Overview of COCA’S Cash Management and Investment Strategies As of December 31, 2013, COCA’S median total revenue was $134,790 and its median total expenses were $136,570 (â€Å"Annual Local Program Survey Report†, 2013, p. 11). The Annual Local Program Survey Report does not address COCA’S short and long term investment strategies. In total, CASE programs nationwide reported more tha n $300 million in revenue, more than half of which were received from public sources (Ibid. ). The median revenue and expenses of CASE tended to be fairly equal for the year ending 2013, with the median cost per volunteer being $3,170 and the median cost per child being $1 ,090 (Ibid. ). COCA’S expenses did not vary significantly from 2012 depending on the area served or the age of the program (Ibid. ). In 2013, over 80 percent of COCA’S programs reported a change in revenue with changes being fairly consistent across programs serving urban, rural and suburban mixed areas (Ibid. 13). Compared to COCA’S 2012 revenue, 34 percent of its programs reported a decrease in revenue, 49 percent reported an increase in revenue, and 17 percent of its programs reported no change in revenue (Ibid. P. 13). CASE experienced an increase of children served from 234,098 in 2012 to 238,527 in 2013, while at the same time seeing its number of volunteers fall below 2011 and 2012 levels, from over 77,000 to less than 75,000 (Ibid. ). The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is problematic in that CASE can anticipate not being able to provide the quantity and quality of services in order to accomplish its mission and goals. Assessment of COCA’S Overall Financial Condition Despite a 34 percent decrease in program revenues in 2013, CASE remains to have short term cash liquidity from the 49 percent reported increase in other programs’ revenue, and a status quo of 17 percent of its programs who reported no change in revenue. CASE also appears to have the capacity to generate adequate revenues over sass’s fiscal year budgetary period in order to satisfy expenditures without incurring a deficit. COCA’S service level has declined to a capacity that does not provide the laity and quantity of services rendered in years ending 2011 and 2012 due to the decrease in the number of its volunteers by 2,000. COCA’S Annual Local Program Survey Report 2013 does not address its short and long term investment strategy or outcome for the year ending 2013. The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is resulting adversely on the quantity and quality of its mission and goals. CASE should reallocate its short term fundraising resources into its long term efforts toward volunteer recruiting and training programs. This adjustment in short term goal funding will promote and advance the umber of volunteers required to sustain the longevity of the service provided by CASE 2011 and 2012. References Boles, B. (2013). Technology role in the nonprofit sector: increasing organizational effectiveness and efficiency through technology innovations. How to cite CASA Ethical Business Considerations, Papers

Sony Playstation 3 Case Study free essay sample

Page COMPANY BACKGROUND2 SWOT ANALYSIS3 STRENGTHS 3 WEAKNESSES4 OPPORTUNITIES6 THREATS7 Threat of Competitor7 Threat of Buyer7 Threat of Suppliers7 Threat of Substitutes8 Threat of New Entrance8 Other threats8 PROBLEMS / ISSUES9 Lose of Market Share 9 Unethical Business Strategy9 Product Disadvantage/Defect10 Expensive Product, High Manufacturing Cost and Negative Profit11 Differentiation12 Over Confidence12 Longer Software Development Cycle12 Heavy Criticism from Media13 SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS14 Market Strategy14 Product Strategy14 Promotional Strategy15 Pricing Strategy15 Distribution Strategy16 CONCLUSION17 Exhibit 118 Exhibit 218 COMPANY BACKGROUND Sony Corporation was founded in Tokyo, in 1945, by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita, as the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (TTK)). The company built Japan’s first tape recorder called, the Type G. Then in early 1950s, TTK convinced Bell Laboratories to license its new transistor technology and became the first company to successfully apply the technology to consumer’s radios. In August 1955, TTK released the Sony TR-55; Japan’s first commercially produced transistor radio followed with Sony TR – 72 which was successful in both domestic and overseas market till early sixties. In 1958, TTK changed its name to Sony (derived from Latin word ‘Sonus’ for sound and English slang word sonny (to address a boy)). The company later expanded into televisions, stereos and home entertainment products with successful range of products such as Betamax (video recorder), Walkman (world’s first portable music player), Trinitron (television, Vaio (laptop) and the most successful Play Station 2. Over the years, Sony has introduced these standards: Standards| Years| Standards| Years| Umatic| ~1968| Digital Betacam| ~1990| Betamax| 1975| miniDV| 1992| Betacam| 1981| DVD with others| ~1995| Compact Disc with Philips| 1982| DVCAM| 1996| . 5 inch Floppy Disk| 1982| Digital8| 1999| Video8| 1985| Universal Media Disc| ~2003| DAT| 1987| HDV with JVC| ~2004| Hi8| 1988| Blu-ray Disc with Panasonic and others| 2006| MiniDisc| ~1990| | | In 2006, Sony had an annual net income of $ 1 billion on 64. 5 billion revenues. Their revenue in 2010 was $ 77. 2 billion. Their h ighest revenue recorded in 2008 which is close to $ 90 billion. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Sony has a strong brand name with varieties of successful product such as Walkman, Trinitron T. V and PlayStation (PS). This was proved by Sony becoming the first company to successfully apply the technology to consumer adios. By the late 1950s, Sony also had become one of the world’s leading producers of radios. Then, Sony expanded into televisions, stereos, and other home entertainment product. Sony had a long history of product innovation that had resulted in well-known brands, such as Betamax, Trinitron, and Walkman. Sony’s PlayStation also well-known among consumer when PlayStation 2 (PS2) had become the world’s bestselling video game console with more than 100 million units sold. Sony is financially strong and able to invest in new products and technologies. In 2006, their annual net income was $ 1 billion on 64. billion revenues. Their revenue in 2008 was close to $ 90 billion and in 2010 was $ 77. 2 billion. The financial strength will make Sony strong and can withstand any circumstances. One of Sony’s greatest strengths is their ability to produce innovative, quality products. Begin with tape recorder in 1945. Then, Sony had extended their product by producing the transistor radios by the late 1950s; Betamix tapes in 1975; the Walkman portable music player in 1979; the VHS players in 1988; the Compact Disc (CD) in mid 1990s and the PlayStation 3 in 2006. Since the company was established, Sony had produced many different products in the World market. They have made an impact in the video game market, the PC market, and especially the television market and there are still numerous others. Their Play Station 2 enjoyed a huge success in the market thus made Sony as a leader in gaming industry. PS3 system is powered by the Cell Broadband EngineTM, revolutionary microprocessor that leapfrogs the performance of existing processors giving the PS3 system supercomputer like power and performance. It also equipped with a built in Blu-rayTM Disc player so users can enjoy high definition gaming and movies. Blu-ray offers developers unprecedented storage capacity so they can fully express their creativity and pristine picture quality at 1080p, the highest definition resolution available today. It supports a broad range of displays from conventional or standard TVs to the latest full HD flat panel displays. As well as gaming it also allows users to access internet and allow them to play video or audio files. The PS3 system comes standard with Giga-bit Ethernet and a pre-installed upgradeable Hard Disk Drive (HDD) so user can download a variety of content as well as access online games and services over the networks. WEAKNESSES Sony’s biggest and most recent weakness is their lack of innovation with PS3. Sony focused on digital technology when building the PS3 and it has the ability to export video in high-definition. It is not compatible with common devices. This technology can only be viewed on a high definition TV so a lot of people will not even be able to see the full potential as what it has to offer. One of Sony’s biggest weaknesses is their reluctance to adapt the competitor’s technology. This can be seen in the case of Betamax where it has more quality than VHS but shorter recording time. Customers prefers longer recording time and chose VHS. Finally Sony abandoned Betamax and adapts JVS’s VHS technology. Same scenario happened with Walkman that loses out to Apple’s I Pod. Sony was also reluctant to license out its technology to competitor and therefore their product was produced and marketed by Sony only where else their competitor licensed out their product and produced and marketed by various parties. Another downfall to the PS3 is the price. The Sony PlayStation 3 was the most expensive console ever launched, with a price tag of $600, or $500 for a stripped down version with smaller hard drive and no wireless module. In fact, the basic console cost Sony almost as much to make as the premium model. Despite Sony’s willingness to subsidize each console purchase, many users complained that the PS3 cost $200 more than the Xbox 360. Besides, the product uses the Blu-ray format which means that the games sold for PS3 also expensive. Sony could not produce the planned number of PS 3 consoles within time. Most people were disappointed because of delayed in launched of PS3. Sony also unable to manufacture the anticipated one million consoles needed to meet market demand. By the time the PS3 was launched in North America on November 17, 2006, retailers had fewer than 200,000 units to distribute. The weakness of the PS3 is even deeper when considering the range of video game selections. Customers lamented the PS3’s lack of interesting games, spotty support for PlayStation 2 games, and uninspiring online capabilities. The PlayStation 3 launched with only 15 titles, the majority of which were franchise games that had previously been available for the Xbox 360. The majority of games available are all first-person shooter games, which appeal to a particular market. There are few games that appeal to a different section of video games. Even though Sony advertised that the PS3 would be â€Å"backward compatible† with virtually all of the â€Å"thousands of great games. In reality, only a few titles worked properly on the system. OPPORTUNITIES Due to PS3 includes a standard hard drive, a high definition Blu-ray optical drive, HD video output, Bluetooth wireless controllers, WiFi wireless networking likely as a Personnel Computer, therefore Sony must truly convince a customer about the advance features of PS3. Customer can utilize the Blu-ray function for watching movie and can save and also back up anything on the console. This is also a technology for future generation. Sony still has the opportunity to increase their sales by introducing more exciting games as it’s the keys of success. Sony must be able to provide quality game titles to the platform. Customer felt down by Sony’s because they promises for better looking games. However, it didn’t meet a customer expectation. Therefore, Sony must consider the customer’s preference before introducing new games titles. The PlayStation 3 has a lot of reputation due to its predecessors. Its predecessors, the acclaimed Playstation 2 (PS2), had already become the world’s bestselling video game console with more than 100 million units sold. By using the success of PlayStation 2, Sony can easily market their products. Sony also could penetrate to new market target. Currently, the target market for the PlayStation 3 was 18 to 35 year old male gamers with above average education and high degree of comfort with new technology. Sony could penetrate their market to beyond these age group and females to increase the sales. They should produce the games that can suit these group and it will give them an opportunity to increase their market share. THREATS To understand further the threat faced by Sony, the threat analysis was done based on Porter’s five forces: Threat of Competitor Sony top competitors in the gaming industry are Nintendo Wii and Microsoft Xbox 360. The PlayStation 3 sales have fallen behind. In early 2007, PS3 had dropped to fourth place in the United States (see Exhibit 1 and 2). Worldwide, the Nintendo Wii outsold the PS3 by a ratio of two to one, and total global PS3 sales through to March 2007 numbered 1. 5 million units, compared to 5 million units of the Nintendo Wii and more than 10 million units of the Xbox 360. Threat of Buyer The PlayStation 3 was targeted to only a certain group of people that are from age range of 18 – 35 years old with above average education and a high degree of comfort with new technology. Therefore the product can only be sold to this particular group and they posed a threat to Sony. If this group of people decided not to buy the PlayStation 3, then Sony will fail in the market. It’s actually became a fact where after some time users noticed the PS 3 is no better than Xbox 360 and Wii and started buying the latter due to cheaper price and easy to use. Returns were piled up in outlets that were selling PlayStation 3 and sales became slow. Threat of Suppliers Due to the advanced graphics engines and processors utilized in PlayStation 3, it increased the burden of the software developers (suppliers) and took onger development cycle. Besides this the cost of development is very high. The developers also couldn’t stretch their development cost on multiple platform rather than single platform due to Sony’s reluctance to license out it’s technologies to others. Therefore only a small number of companies are willing to take the challenge to develop the software for PlayStation 3. This would eventually make Sony dependant on their suppliers and the suppliers may hold Sony for ransom if things does not work out well. This is a major threat that Sony should aware of. Threat of Substitutes Prior to the launch of PlayStation 3, public were in the opinion that PS 3 is a very advanced console and is totally different from those available in the market. The murder of few people and chaos during the launch in North America is solid evidence that consumers wants to buy this console at whatever cost. It looks like there is no substitute for PS 3 and it will enjoy a huge success. But after the product was launched and users found it more or less same as Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii, the sales of PS 3 dropped. Both Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii are seen as substitute for PS 3. In fact Xbox and Wii outclassed PS 3 in sales. Therefore the threat of substitute (Xbox and Wii) is another major setback for Sony. Threat of New Entrance Since the manufacturing costs are high and require high technology, PlayStation 3 does not really face any threat of new entrance. Those who want to venture into this business must have high capital and the skill (technology) to produce a console equivalent to PS 3. Therefore the threat of new entrance can be ruled out. Other threats In May 2011, Sony expected to lose total of $ 3. 2 billion for the year due to effects of the Japanese earthquake. The forecast of $ 3. 2 billion loss was quite different to earlier projection of a profit of $857 million for the year. This projected loss may weakened Sony’s financial strength and restrict them from investing in new technology and to expand their business at the moment. PROBLEMS / ISSUES Sony’s problem in making the PlayStation 3 a success can be relate back to even before the launching of Play Station 3. Several major problems faced by Sony are as below:- Lost of Market Share Back in 1980s, Sony has enjoyed success with its Betamax, Trinitron and Walkman. However the company was very protective of its intellectual property and reluctant to license its technology to competitors. As a result, Sony products often lost market to inferior technologies offered by competitors. Sony also unwilling to adapt technologies from others to suit with the consumers need and aspiration. Sony’s Betamax video tape format is a good example where it provided higher definition video but it has shorter playing time compared to VHS introduced by JVC. Customers prefer longer playing time compared to quality and Sony unwilling to adapt JVC technology. Eventually Betamax lose out to VHS. In 1990s, Sony opted to promote its own proprietary ATRAC format over the more popular mp3 standard. The decision allowed Sony’s rivals to capture most of the portable music market. The most celebrated Walkman loses out to I pod introduced by Apple. In fact Sony’s employees themselves were frustrated by the company’s unwillingness to support other format. Unethical Business Strategy In 2005, Sony’s copy protection scheme made them to install what was known as a rootkit on many of its music CDs without informing their customers. The rootkit software installed itself on the computer when CD was inserted. Besides disabling the owner’s ability to copy music, it also exposed the computers to serious security risks and in some cases allowed Sony to remotely monitor the user’s actions. Sony was charged in court and found guilty. It caused irreparable harm to Sony’s reputation within music industry. It may also influence the sales of PlayStation 3 as some customers might question Sony’s transparency to customers on software used by them in their product. Product Disadvantage/Defect History proves that Sony always faced problems with their new products. Besides the earlier problem with Betamax and Walkman, Sony’s Super Audio Compact Disc (SACD) systems were incompatible with most stereos because of Sony’s copy protection scheme. Another product gave them problem in early 2007. Sony distributed 25 million DVD with a new copy protection technology known as the Advanced Regional Copy Control Operating Solution (ARccOS). However ARccOS unintentionally prevented movies from being played on many DVD players. As for gaming devise, in 2003, Sony introduced PlayStation Portable (PSP) but it fared poorly. Its built in memory could not even hold one album in mp3 format and customer had to purchase additional proprietary memory from Sony. PlayStation 3 too has its disadvantage. Many users complained on Sony’s decision to not include the video cables needed and to eliminate rumble (a vibration feedback feature) in PlayStation 3. Consumers had to buy additional controller which is very expensive compared to those offered by Nintendo. Sony was found guilty of infringing on a rumble patent and was ordered to pay $90. 7 million in damages. Lots of forum (internet) discussed about the problem faced with PlayStation 3. In Intuitive. com, they complained that the device runs way too hot and when the internal fan kicks in, the background noise is so high. Other forumer complained that it cannot play normal DVD, PlayStation 3 is not loading, stopped working after 1 year, always faulty after warranty period etc. Based on article in Wikipedia, a 2009 study by Square Trade, a warranty provider, found a 2 year failure rate of 10% for PlayStation 3. By early 2007, return outstripped sales and store shelves became overstocked with unsold consoles. Expensive Product, High Manufacturing Cost and Negative Profit Another problem faced by Sony is that it couldn’t afford to sell its PlayStation 3 for cheaper price due to higher manufacturing cost. Sony is very concern about the quality of their product and thus tries to produce high quality products. Eventually this lead to a higher manufacturing cost because the components used are of high quality and expensive. It’s proven with Betamax which is more expensive than VHS, PlayStation Portable priced nearly twice than competing handheld device from Nintendo, while SACD proves costly due to higher manufacturing cost. PlayStation 3 consoles had built in support for Blu-ray content which is of higher quality and capacity compared to HD-DVD which was supported by Xbox 360. However this makes the manufacturing cost are higher and the product was sold with expensive price. Besides that the video quality for both formats was comparable. The PlayStation 3 was the most expensive console ever launched with a price tag of $600 and $500 for stripped down version. Play Station 3 cost $200 more than Xbox 360 launched by Microsoft. Sony claimed that although their product cost more, but it has staying power up to 10 years. They failed to understand that technology always change and consumer won’t stick to one particular product for 10 years especially in entertainment and gaming industry. In fact the PlayStation 3 launched within few years after the launching of PlayStation 2. The high retail price will be a major hurdle for PlayStation 3 to be successful in the market. Based on number of units sold in November 2006, December 2006 and January 2007, PlayStation 3 was far behind X Box360, Nintendo Wii, PlayStation 2 and Play Station Portable. Although the consoles are expensive, Sony could not make profit out of it. According to sources in Wikipedia, every PlayStation 3 units were sold at estimated loss of $250 contributing to Sony’s games division posting an operating loss of US$ 1. 97 billion in the fiscal year ending March 2007. This is another big blow for Sony and a major problem that they have to overcome. Differentiation Despite all the heavy advertisement and euphoria prior to the launching of PlayStation 3, it does not live up to the expectation. Generally PS3 is no different from other available similar product in the market. The PS3 launched with only 15 titles, the majority of which franchise games that had previously available for the Xbox 360. Professional reviewers called it mostly unoriginal. Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii had higher ranking titles. PS3 even could not even compete with earlier version that is Plays Station 2. Many users feel PlayStation 3 is not much different from Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii and prefer to buy the latter due to cheaper price. In fact Play Station 3 could not even beat the sales of its predecessor, PlayStation 2. Even the editors of the Official Play Station Magazine said they felt let down by Sony’s promises for better looking games. They felt PlayStation 3 offered only few advantages over the Xbox 360 and all the Play Station 3 games look just the same as they do on the Xbox 360. Over Confidence Sony seems to live in past glory. They are very proud of their product and confident that whatever new products introduced by them will be an instant hit. The success of PlayStation 2 might have influenced them to be over confident. Microsoft’s Xbox 360 was launched a year earlier than PlayStation 3, which means Sony has a year to learn from Microsoft’s mistakes but they failed to do so because they are confident with their technology and felt PlayStation 3 is superior to Xbox 360. Longer Software Development Cycle Another setback for Sony was the longer software development cycle for PlayStation 3. The complexity of the advanced graphics engines and processors utilized in PlayStation 3 made the software development stretched to 36 months. Certain games such as Final Fantasy XI took about six months to port to Xbox 360 but could take up to 3 years to port to PlayStation 3. This is another disadvantage of PlayStation 3 compared to its rival products. Most of the developers reluctant to undertake the developing project for Play Station 3. It will also delay their production of the consoles and might not meet the demand. This is one of the factors why Sony had to delay its launch of PlayStation 3 and despite producing the anticipated 1 million console, they were only able to produce less than 200,000 consoles. Heavy Criticism from Media Earlier Sony has tarnished its reputation with two lawsuits against them by U. S. federal Trade Commission and Immersion Corporation. Their failure to launch the PlayStation 3 on schedule and expensive price of this product received heavy criticism from media. Their advertisement slogan for PlayStation 3 was â€Å"Play Beyond† became a joke in internet with one spoof titled â€Å"Pay Beyond† became widely circulated in internet. The PlayStation 3 was given number eighth spot on PC World magazine’s list as of â€Å"The Top 21 Tech screw-up’s in 2006†, where it was criticized for being late, expensive and incompatible. Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was more impressed with what the PS3 could do than with what it currently does. The bad reviews and criticism by media may jeopardize the PlayStation 3’s sales and success. This might be one of the reasons why there was lack of demand for PlayStation 3 during the launching in Europe in March 2007. Besides that one of the game in PlayStation 3, Resistance: Fall of Man garnered a â€Å"mature† rating from the Entertainment Software Review Board (ERSB) for intense violence, Blood and gore and strong language. The latest setback was on April 20, 2011 (source from an article in Wikipedia) where Sony shutdown the Play Station network for a prolonged interval revealing in April 23 that this was due to an internal intrusion in their system. Sony revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken, including names, addresses, countries, e mail addresses, birth date, PSN login, passwords and PSN online ID. This latest setback further damaged Sony’s image and reputation especially in gaming industry. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Market Strategy In order to recapture the market, Sony should take a survey of the market needs and expectation and develop a product which will suit the market. They should always be transparent with customers and should give out information on the technologies used in their product and the risk that customers may faced. This will avoid Sony being branded as using unethical business strategy and thus will build customer’s trust on them. In fulfilling the expectation of the market, Sony should not hesitate to adapt the technology of their competitor like how they did for their Betamax where in the end Sony adapted JVC’s VHS technology. Sony should not be overprotective of their technology and should start to license its technology to competitors. By doing this, Sony’s product will be marketed by not only by Sony but also others who obtained the license from Sony. Initial market target for PlayStation 3 was 18 – 35 years old male gamers with above average education. Sony should develop games that can attract those beyond these age group and woman so that it will increase their market share. Product Strategy Sony should start reviewing its product’s compatibility issue and resolve it. They should ensure their product suits most of the common devices used by customers. For example, Play Station should fit to the most of the computers as what Microsoft did with their Xbox 360. Using a simpler technology will shorten the development cycle and Sony can produce their consoles within shorter period of time. Sony should take serious action in overcoming all the problems related to PS 3 consoles as highlighted by users and media. Unless they resolve these issues, they will never be able to sell it successfully. Besides resolving the technical problems of PS3, Sony should also find a way to differentiate its product from competitor. The success of PlayStation 2 had automatically built high expectation on PlayStation 3 and customers were expecting something new from those available in the market. In order to meet these expectations, Sony should come up with more titles, new games, user friendly console etc. Sony managed to overcome some of the product issues by introducing a slimmer model in July 2010. Promotional Strategy Sony should adapt a modest promotion strategy. The heavy criticism on PlayStation 3 is because the public compared the product’s capability against what Sony promises during their promotion and marketing campaign. During the promotion, Sony claimed that PlayStation 3 was equipped with an IBM cell processor touted as a â€Å"supercomputer on a chip† which can outperform many of the latest PC processors and can delivers up to 10 times the performance of a typical home computer. In fact, they claimed that PS3 has twice the processing power of Xbox 360. They also claimed that PlayStation 3 has the ability to closely mimic human reasoning and movements. But public felt cheated when the actual product capability does not live to promises made by Sony thus bad reviews and heavy criticism were thrown at PlayStation 3 and Sony. Sony should test the actual performance of the product and be genuine in their promotion and marketing campaign. They should also launch their product simultaneously in all continents. PlayStation 3 was launched in North America first and then in Europe. But due to the bad reviews in US, the Europe demand dropped where prior to the launch, retailer in United Kingdom cancelled more than $20 million worth of orders. Pricing Strategy It’s a fact that PlayStation 3 is a very expensive console compared to its competitor, Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. Therefore Sony should find a way to reduce its price to be on par with its competitor which will increase its sales. In order to achieve this, Sony should start using cheaper components and simpler technology to reduce its manufacturing cost which will eventually reduce the price of the product. Unnecessary accessories or gadgets which are actually not required by users should be removed to bring down the cost and price. By August 2009, Sony managed to reduce the manufacturing cost by 70% and reduce the price of Play Station 3 to $300. This eventually increases their profit and boosts the sales of PlayStation 3. Distribution Strategy One of the reasons why Sony failed in selling more consoles during the launch in North America was because of the delay in production which cannot meet the high demand. Sony should produce the required unit before the launching so that every order will be fulfilled. Those who are frustrated for not getting the console and could not wait for it started buying Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. This is a lost of sales for PlayStation 3. Sony should also be ready to license out its technologies to competitors. By doing this their product will flow into the market through various channels. CONCLUSION For long Sony has enjoyed success in entertainment industry through variety of product introduced by them. They enjoyed huge success with Play Station 2 but this is not the case with Play Station 3. Generally Play Station 3 was outclassed by Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. Although Sony managed to overcome most of the product’s technical issues and reduce the price by August 2009, it was still behind Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii in terms of number of units sold by March 2011. Below data clearly shows that Sony could not beat the sales of Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii:- Worldwide sales figures 1. Wii 86. 01 million as of 31 March 2011  (2011 -03-31)[update] 2. Xbox 360 55 million as of 4 June 2011  (2011 -06-04)[update] 3. Play Station 3 50 million as of 31 March 2011  (2011 -03-31)[update] The initial setback during launching as discussed earlier and issues faced with the product’s compatibility and inefficiency has already tuned the mindset of users that Plays Station 3 is no better than Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. If Sony keeps on placing hope that Play Station 3 will climb up to number one spot, they will fail to achieve that. Sony should introduce a new product and differentiate it against those available in the market to recapture the market and customers confidence level. The new product should be more advanced than Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii, easy to use, cheaper, more new games titles and meet the expectation of the customers Exhibit 1 Company| Platform| Unit Sold ($)| | | Nov-06| Dec-06| Jan-07| Nintendo| Wii| 476,000. 00| 604,200. 00| 435,503. 00| Sony| PlayStation 2| 664,000. 00| 1,400,000. 00| 299,352. 00| Microsoft| Xbox 360| 511,000. 00| 1,100,000. 00| 294,000. 00| Sony| PlayStation 3| 197,000. 00| 490,700. 00| 243,554. 00| Nintendo| DS| 918,000. 00| 1,600,000. 00| 239,000. 00| Sony| PSP| 412,000. 00| 953,200. 00| 211,000. 00| Nintendo| Game Boy Advance| 641,000. 00| 850,000. 00| 179,000. 00| Nintendo| Game Cube| 70,000. 00| 64,000. 00| 24,000. 00| Exhibit 2

The Heart of Everything(2007) by Within Temptation free essay sample

Within Temptation may be a familiar name if you happen to just start out in the symphonic metal genre. While they are a but more on the mainstream side of symphonic metal, that doesnt mean they suck, quite the opposite to be honest. This album is a true example of that being how epic and symphonic it sounds. Coming from the great land of the Netherlands, Sharon Den Adel and the gang know what theyre doing with this massive 11 track album. From songs like the popular What Have You Done and Frozen to the epic Our Solemn Hour, The Heart of Everything and The Truth Beneath The Rose, you really cant stress something as good as this. What does the album mean to me, it means my nostalgia, plain and simple but just barely missed Dark Passion Play in terms of nostalgia and its overall greatness. Sadly, some of you may think Im underrating, but to me, Im really not. We will write a custom essay sample on The Heart of Everything(2007) by Within Temptation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I love it so much but it really isnt as good as Dark Passion Play(and if you want to see my thoughts on that album, click on my name and just look from there). Its still a great nonetheless, I cant deny that at all no matter how hard I try. As usual, I give this album a rating. For this one I give it an 8.5/10. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

How to Write a Good Dissertation on Microbiology

How to Write a Good Dissertation on Microbiology This is our final   guide on microbiology that teaches you how you can write a perfect dissertation paper. We have included methodologies, as well as outlines and structures of a formal dissertation paper, which a professor seeks in your composition. Reading this guide, and following everything we have discussed will allow you to write an excellent dissertation on microbiology. But to make the most out of our guide, we recommend you to read all our guides thoroughly. Here is why: Reading our first guide, 10 facts for dissertation on microbiology, fills you with adequate information on microbiology that you can further use in your dissertation paper. Without credible facts, and resources (available in this guide), your dissertation paper wouldn’t weigh as it should and chances are, it would be rejected by your professor or just receive a lower mark. On the other hand, our second guide, 20 microbiology dissertation topics, reveals 20 relevant sub-topics on microbiology. This guide allows you to start composing your dissertation paper quickly. We recommend you to read this one as well. With that being said, let’s talk about how to write a good dissertation on Microbiology: Composing a Dissertation Paper A dissertation is one of the most challenging and rewarding tasks a student ever accomplishes in college/university. That’s because the dissertation requires a thorough research, planning, and understanding of the topic you’re writing on. Unlike other essays and assignments, dissertation allows you to choose your own topic. Normally, the university would give you six eight weeks (sometimes four weeks) to complete the paper, along with some specific guidelines to be followed. But generally speaking, here is how a dissertation is structured: Research Proposal or Introduction Literature Review and Methodologies Results and Discussion/Conclusion Here is how each section of the structure should be written: Research Proposal or Introduction This is one of the most important parts of your dissertation. If you want to impress your professor, you should write an informative introduction/research proposal. In this section, you’ll present how you’re going to explore and define the particular topic you have chosen. It will also contain some information as to why you chose that particular subject, for example, immunobiology and why you think there’s a need to write a paper on this topic. You will also discuss how you have gone through the whole dissertation – similar to giving a tour through your paper. We recommend you to put this part in the end of your dissertation. Literature Review and Methodologies Literature review and methodology are often combined. Writing a literature review is fairly easy. You explain the substantial facts, viewpoints and your understanding on the topic. In simple words, you’re actually giving an analysis of your dissertation to the reader. In methodologies section, youll explain why you’ve chosen quantitative or qualitative methods, or sometimes both. You will also describe the research methods you have chosen and used in your dissertation. Results and Discussions/ Conclusion Here, you will explain the process of the research and experiments you have run, and the results you obtained from your tests. In simple words, you will summarize the whole purpose of writing a dissertation paper on your chosen topic, and what you have obtained from it in the end. Final Thoughts That’s it. Following this short guideline will surely improve your understanding of writing a dissertation paper on microbiology. But to make it even more stellar, we recommend you to proofread and edit your content before submitting it to your professor. Happy writing!

Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key

Author's Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Stop! Before you read on, have you completed the Authors Tone Worksheet 1, first? If not, go back, answer the questions and  then  head back here and find out what youve gotten right and what you may have missed.   If youre curious about what authors tone really is and wondering how to figure it out, here are  three of the tricks you can use to determine the authors tone when you dont have a clue. Feel free to use these free printable pdf files for your own educational use, too: Authors Tone Worksheet 1 | Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Passage 1   1. What does the author most likely want to convey through the use of the phrase â€Å"ready consent to terms and a couple of coins flung upon the table?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. The strangers lack of manners and thoughtfulness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. The strangers desire to quickly get to his room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. The strangers greediness in bartering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. The strangers discomfort. The correct answer is B.  The stranger is desperate for warmth. We know that because hes covered in snow and asks for human charity, which we can only assume is because hes cold. So even though we know he is uncomfortable, the correct answer is NOT D. The author uses the words ready consent, which means eager or quickly willing consent and coins flung upon the table to indicate a hurried pace. Yes, we know its because hes uncomfortable, but the phrases indicate speed.   PASSAGE 2  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2. The authors attitude toward mothers trying to arrange marriages for their daughters could best be described as: A. accepting of the notion B. irritated with the notion C. astonished by the notion D. amused by the notion The correct answer is D. Even if we read nothing beyond the first line, wed get the sense that the author was slightly amused by the subject matter. The author further makes the scene amusing by pitting a complacent husband against his busybody wife. Austen depicts the mother as meddling, gossiping, and impatient. If Austen were irritated by the idea, shed make the mother more unlikable. If she were astonished by the idea, then shed make the husband act aghast when Mrs. Bennet brings it up. If she were accepting of the idea, then she probably wouldnt have written about it in a witty way. Hence, Choice D is the best bet.   3. What tone is the author most likely trying to convey with the sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. satiric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. scornful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. reproachful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. weary The correct answer is A. This speaks to the tone of the excerpt as a whole. Shes sarcastic about societys notion of marrying young women off to wealthy men. Her overreaching statement, a truth universally acknowledged is an example of hyperbole, which is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally. And although she may personally be reproachful or scornful of the idea, her tone does not convey it in this satire. PASSAGE 3 4. Which of the following choices provides the best answer to the authors final question posed in the text, while maintaining the tone of the article? A. It could be that Id fallen into a nightmare without knowing it.   B. It had to be the dreariness of the day. Nothing about the house itself was particularly depressing. C. The solution defied me. I couldnt get at the heart of my displeasure. D. It was a mystery I couldnt solve; nor could I grapple with the shadowy fancies that crowded upon me as I pondered.   The correct choice is D. Here, the answer must closely mirror the language in the text. The words used by Poe are complicated, as is his sentence structure. Choice B and Ds sentence structure is too simple and Choice Bs answer is incorrect based on the text. Choice A seems logical until you place it up against Choice D, which uses a complex structure and language similar to that already in the text. 5. Which emotion is the author most likely trying to rouse from his reader after reading this text?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. hatred   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. terror   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. apprehension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. depression The correct choice is C. Although the character feels depression upon viewing the house, Poe is trying to make the reader feel apprehension in the scene. Whats going to come up? If he were trying to make the reader feel depressed, he would have spoken to something more personal. And he wasnt trying to terrify the reader in this scene, either. He wouldve used scarier content instead of relying on the dark, depressing words and phrases he does. And Choice A is completely off! Hence, Choice C is the best answer.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Case Study Example elementary school, I have analyzed that it is essential to develop innovative facilities for the students to enhance the portfolio and demand in the market among others. Along with this, it might be also worth trying to introduce varied types of extra-curricular activities such as lab and library facilities, an Accelerated Reader Program to develop the joy of reading among students and character education classroom programs to enhance the inner skills and talents of the students. Only then, the dominance of the school may be maintained in such a competitive market scenario as compared to others. Along with this, the profit margin and sales might be enhanced resulting in amplification of the brand equity in the market. Side by side, the market value and reputation of the organization might also be enhanced among other rivals in the market (Sadler, 2003). Only then the mission statement of the Maryland elementary school of becoming the top player in this sector might get fulfilled as compared to others in the market. Side by side, its range of students might also get enhanced day by day very rapidly. Trait theory: It is an approach describing the personalities of human beings. It is essential, because on the basis of his or her personality traits, I might approach the person for further discussion regarding the prospects of the goals in this competitive scenario. For example, this theory might also prove effective in understanding the personality traits of the senior managers and the administrators enrolled below me for the fulfillment of this task. Thus, it may be stated that trait theory of leadership is extremely essential for any leader or members of any organization or group. So, it is extremely essential for the leaders to attain a definite type of skills and traits to accomplish the objectives or goals (Sadler, 2003). Transformational leadership theory: This theory always tries to reject the personal interest and motivate the peers and employees to work for

Applying Theory to Practice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying Theory to Practice - Term Paper Example origin of the juvenile delinquent behavior may be understood by looking at the backgrounds of young people who for various reasons have led a life full of misery. For instance, youths who are at risk of becoming delinquent may have originated from families with parental alcoholism, overcrowded neighborhood, family breakdowns, the increasing HIV/AIDS scourge, abusive circumstances in the home, or the death of parents due to armed conflicts. It may be noted that young people from such backgrounds may be either unaccompanied or orphaned and lack the means of subsistence, shelter, and other basic needs, increasing their chances for falling into juvenile delinquency. Many developing nations do nothing or very little to look into the needs of the young citizens or ignore some petty crimes reported concerning these youths. Some of these youngsters commit crimes at a tender age and they are either ignored by the authorities or go unreported, yet the petty crimes lead to more serious crimes in future. Developed countries on he other hand are engaged in activities designed to prevent juvenile delinquencies but the overall effect of such programs is weak because the techniques in place are usually inadequate to address the situations that already exist (Siegel & Welsh, 2011). According to geographical analysis, nations with more urbanized populations register more juvenile delinquency rates than those with strong rural communities and neighborhoods. This may be linked to the dissimilarities in social cohesion and control. Rural groupings depend on community and family control to deal with antisocial behavior, thus lower crime. Urban lifestyles resort to judicial and formal measures, an impersonal mechanism that links to higher juvenile delinquencies. i. Youth crime results from unresolved internal conflict and mental anguish. Some youths who have been mistreated or abused may go through unconscious feelings linked to fear, resentment, and abhorrence. If this conflict s

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay ETHICS DILEMMA PAPER One of the most difficult things in the criminal justice field is related to ethics in the criminal justice profession. Whether it being a corrections officer, police officer, or a judge. The main goal is to ensure you as a professional are making the right decision for the greater good and that it falls within the guidelines that are set before you in the laws that have been written. In the recent dilemma that occurred in Broward County on February 19, 2014 is an example of an ethics dilemma in the criminal justice field that happens much too often. I will explain to you the nature of the dilemma, the ethical/unethical decision that was made, the outcome of the situation, and suggest some alternative courses of actions that could have taken place instead and why. NATURE OF THE DILEMMA On February 19, 2014 a Broward County Sheriffs deputy of 20 plus years on the force conducted a traffic stop of a vehicle traveling unlawfully in the HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lane. Once the deputy had the vehicle stopped he was informed by the woman in the drivers seat that she was recording him conducting the traffic stop. Once the sheriffs deputy gained knowledge of  this he proceeded to force his way into the womans vehicle trying to grab her phone, then pulling her out of the vehicle and dragging her onto the ground causing injuries in several places as another deputy stood by with his gun drawn. All the while this was going on he continued to yell at her stating she was committing a felony and telling her I know the law better than you , and placing her under arrest. The ethical dilemma this situation brings forward is: was the actions taken by this deputy really necessary and justified on an ethical basis? (Miller, 2014). ETHICAL DECISION MADE In this particular situation an unethical decision was made based on the circumstances of the incident at hand. The deputy was committing a crime (felony) himself by unlawfully forcing his way into her vehicle, and detaining her against her will for a crime she did not commit. All for a simple civil infraction (driving in an HOV lane), that could have been handled in a totally different and professional manner. This was the only law the woman was breaking at the time, and the only probable cause the deputy had to go on for the actions that he took. OUTCOME OF THE SITUATION Once the dust settled upon this unfortunate situation, the deputy assumed and thought that the woman was breaking the law by recording the audio and video of the deputy. He assumed that he had to give the woman permission to audio record him. Unfortunately to his disadvantage the Florida courts ruled upholding a expectation of privacy provision (Silverman, 2012) to their all-party law, which the courts ruled does not apply to on-duty police (or anyone in public), as long as you are not interfering with them in conducting their duty. In this particular case the deputy appeared to be uneducated in this revision to the law that the law enforcement agency clearly neglected to educate its department on. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION/ WHY According to the situation at hand some of the alternative courses of actions that the deputy could have taken and the woman that was being stopped could have been drastically different. Ethically speaking the deputy could have not taken his actions to the extreme that he did all over the simple recording violation that he thought the woman was committing. His life was not in danger nor was there any indication of any physical threat coming from the woman. The deputy totally handled that situation in a very unprofessional and unethical manner. On the other hand the woman could have easily been justified in using deadly force on the deputy if he was not a law enforcement officer. She would have been justified well within the guidelines of Floridas Justifiable Use of Force law considering he unlawfully forced his into her car and violently dragged her out. Fortunately for him he was a law enforcement officer or he could have been killed. Another course of action for the sheriffs deputy and the department could have been to properly educate themselves and their officers of the most current laws regarding these types of situations. In addition to making sure each and every deputy gets a refresher course on the necessary use of force procedures every few years. CONCLUSION In conclusion of this ethical dilemma situation, what I can draw from this is several things. One being always treat people in a way I would like to be treated unless circumstances dictate otherwise; it is the right and ethical action to take. Sometimes we just do not get that luxury of doing such an action when dealing with certain types of people and situations and yes certain actions are necessary. Always take the time to educate yourself on certain laws or information you are not sure of before acting on what you think may be correct. Just like the famous saying, Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, and this is very true but it does go both ways for law enforcement and the public. References Miller, C. (2014). Photography is not a crime. Retrieved from http://photographyisnotacrime.com/2014/02/19/broward-sheriffs-deputy-violently-attacks-woman-recording-traffic-stop/ Silverman, S. (2012). Reason.com free minds and free markets. Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2012/04/05/7-rules-for-recording-police

Psychology in Julius Caesar Essay -- Psychology Analysis

The Psychological Approach analyzes characters based on Freud’s conception of the human psyche-- id, ego, superego-- as well as relationships and conflicts within the story. In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare develops Marc Antony and Brutus using these two methods; Marc Antony convinces the town people to revolt by controlling his id and ego, while Brutus is developed as honorable through his relationship with Cassius, his reputation, his progression from being manipulated to standing up for himself, and the choices he makes in difficult positions, such as whether or not to kill Caesar After Marc Antony’s speech, he convinces the town people to revolt against the conspirators by controlling ego and not letting his id overrun him. â€Å"The id is the primitive urge to seek pleasure without concern for boundaries† (Losh). The conspirators killed Caesar, who Antony loved very much. It is possible that his id compelled him to want revenge on the conspirators. The ego, which deals with the part of the mind interacting with the environment and people, would make Antony rationalize and realize that he couldn’t kill the conspirators, but he could get other people to, like the mob. Knowing this, Antony could have intentionally convinced the mob to revolt against the conspirators, but he couldn’t just come out and tell them to. He had to make them want to kill the conspirators, and think that it was their idea by addressing their ids. If Antony got the mob on his side about Caesar, they would feel betrayed by the conspirators and their ids would make them want immediate revenge. By convincing the townspeople that Caesar was a great man and leader, and that he didn’t deserve being killed for the reasons that the conspirators gave, Antony got the mob... ...very noble Roman bears of you† (II, i, LINEE!!!!). It is possible that he wants to maintain this reputation so that he is well liked, and can have some control over the people. Works Cited Heller, Agnes. "Julius Caesar." The Time Is Out of Joint: Shakespeare as Philosopher of History. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. 311-335. Rpt. in Shakespearean Criticism. Vol. 115. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. Losh, Elizabeth. "Sigmund Freud." Twentieth-Century European Cultural Theorists: Second Series. Ed. Paul Hansom. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 296. Literature Resource Center. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. O’Dair, Sharon. "Social role and the making of identity in Julius Caesar." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 33.2 (1993): 289+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 Dec 2010.

Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix Essay

Select one common divine role that recurs in world mythology. Possible options of divine roles include the following: father or mother divinities, divinities of war, home or hearth divinities, divinities of love, divinities of wisdom, divinities of medicine or health, divinities of the wind, divinities of agriculture, divinities of the sky, ruler of all the gods, and so on. Identify the role in the title of your matrix. Select two myths, each from a different culture, in which the divine role appears. Identify the divinity names and cultures in columns A and B. Complete the matrix by answering each of the five questions for both selected divinities. Title: Divinities of Love and Beauty Column A Divinity Name: Aphrodite Culture of Origin: Greek Column B Divinity Name: Freyja Culture of Origin: Norse 1. How is this divinity portrayed? Describe the divinity’s role within the myth. She was portrayed to be the goddess of love and beauty often shown smiling. She is the daughter of Zeus. Some myths also say they daughter of Uranus (Aphrodite, 2002). One of the more known and told myth is her helping Paris to abduct his love Helen of Troy. She was the goddess of love, lust, fertility and magic. According to Freyja (1996), she is believed to be the  daughter of the sea god Njord and the earth-goddess Nerthus. She had a twin brother named Frey. Some believe that she was married to Od and once he passed away she never married again and used her powers to have sex with gods, mortals, dwarfs, giants and dwarfs. Others say that she is the same person as Frigg who is wife to Odin (Freyja, 1996). 2. Is the divinity male or female? What function does this gender play? Aphrodite is female. Her gender function would be the sexual aspect of the myth surrounding her because she is known for seduction. Freyja was a female who was the goddess of lust and love. 3. Within the myth of origin, how does this divinity compare with other divinities? How does this divinity interact with or compare to divinities of the same gender and to divinities of the opposite gender? Aphrodite is one of the twelve great Olympians. Aphrodite was able to make all the gods and mortals fall in love or be overcome with desire, except Athena, Artemis, and Hestia (Aphrodite, 2002). She is known to have had many affairs against her mortal spouse with other gods and mortals. Aphrodite was equally quarrelsome and manipulative to both genders of divinities. If anyone wronged her she would make them fall in love with whomever or whatever she pleased. Freyja is one of the most respected of the goddesses. She is very well respected by the female gender of goddesses. She is the goddess of fertility and it was said that if a female wanted children they just needed to call on her and just being in her presence would become with child. The male gender is most lustful after Freyja. She was able to manipulate any male sexually. 4. What are the divinity’s attributes, such as divine powers or characteristics? What objects does the divinity possess, such as a weapon or animal, that assist him or her? She was able to make anyone fall in love. She could seduce anyone she wanted. She was able to encourage sexual desire, the care of women in child birth, magic, and she helped half the mortal heroes killed in battle to Valhalla. She was known to ride a board or be in a chariot pulled by cats. 5. Identify one character from contemporary culture that shares characteristics of each divinity and explain why you chose each character. What real-life ideals  does this divine role represent? How attainable are these ideals? For Aphrodite I think of the vampire characters from the television show and book series of True Blood. They are able to compel people to do whatever they want by either being lustful or on humans by hypnotizing them to do what they want. I think it shows that even in the beginning sex was still the key to being able to manipulate to get what you want. I don’t completely agree with these ideas. I think depending on who you are these ideals can be easily attainable. For Freyja I am going to use True Blood again but with the character of Sookie Stackhouse. She was lusted after from most males that came around her and she was magical because of being a fairy. Again, depending on the type of person you are some of the ideals are great. I know for women who have difficulty becoming pregnant would love to have her divine power of fertility. Scientifically there are ways to help women become pregnant but still not everyone is able to bear a child. Summary: Write a 150- to 350-word short essay addressing the following: Why do so many cultures have divinities in similar roles? I feel that as a human the thirst for knowledge is why many cultures have divinities with similar roles. I think that a lot of these mythological divinities were created as a way to explain why things are the way that they are. There as to be a reason why things are this way and before modern science finding the exact reasons were next to impossible. There are also people out there that believe the reason that all of these divinities are so similar is because they gods are actually aliens from other planets visiting our world. I don’t know whether any of the stories told have any semblance of truth, but it does make you think of the possibilities. In many religions they believe that there is only one god that created everything. There is no right or wrong answer at this point because I believe that until we find a way to travel back in time we can’t know exactly why these mythical divinities are so similar. REFERENCES Aphrodite. (2002). In Who’s who in classical mythology, Routledge. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/entry/routwwcm/aphrodite/0 Freyja. (1996). In Bloomsbury dictionary of myth. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/entry/bloommyth/freyja/0

Fish Out of Water Essay

Every person has grown up adhering to specific set of standards, traditions and rules of conduct. People also conform to the underlying system and mandates of the society. These characteristics define the culture of the person; however, people do not follow a single culture with its set of laws and standards. Every person has its own cultural characteristics because each individual is reared in different societies with its own embedded culture and traditions. The difference in culture is often referred to as cultural relativism which means that every culture is equal and no culture is superior to others. Every culture has its own set of â€Å"systems of morality, law and politics† (â€Å"Cultural Relativism – Illogical Standard†). It is believed that every culture is valid and equal. Cultural relativism attempts to explain that the various aspects of culture such as religion, ethics, aesthetic and beliefs are subjective and largely depends on the individual within a particular cultural identity (â€Å"Cultural Relativism – Illogical Standard†). Given that each individual has grown up within a defined set of culture, there will be a point in a person’s life that he or she will experience being somehow out of place when put in a different crowd with new set of people. This may be called as a â€Å"fish out of water’ sensation. This means that a person feels uncomfortable with the surroundings and activities going on. We tend to experience this kind of feeling around people who are unknown to us, especially when hindered with a lot of communication and cultural barriers. An example of a fish out of water experience is attending a wedding ceremony conducted in pattern of a different culture. I was once invited in a wedding of my colleague who married a person from another culture. Unfortunately, the groom is the only person I knew in the whole crowd. He married a Korean and they followed a Korean wedding ceremony. It was a very uncomfortable situation for me because the Korean culture is very different from western culture and tradition. The two countries are separated by hundreds of miles of land and ocean and located at both ends of the world. Korean wedding is really a weird thing for me. First, Korean weddings mean joining of two families instead of two individuals, so most Korean weddings are composed of families of various generations. I was therefore intimidated to mingle with other people, especially to the members of the Korean families while my colleague is largely participating on the ceremony. Korea is a unified country and its people tend to look alike, think alike and act alike. There is strength in the people of Korea. Koreans may be residing in the United States and somehow follow some of the western trends. But they have retained some of the important rites and tradition of their culture. Koreans are also individuals from the eastern hemisphere where people are not so liberal. People tend to be conservative and sensitive on some issues unlike westerners that are open-minded and can cope with every type of conversation. Some issues are still taboo to Koreans. Issues of gender and sexuality are only some of the issues that Koreans are quite sensitive with. Communication is also a barrier and makes me feel more of the â€Å"fish out of the water. † Problems in communication and relating with others are some of the encountered problems in being out of place in an event or situation. Some people are having difficulty relating to others, especially those who belong to another culture. Cultural diversity is also characterized by difference in communication styles and attributes. The experience really tested my communication skills. First, I do not know anyone but the groom and he was busy on the ceremony. Starting a conversation is a little awkward for me because I do not want to offend people on something that I would say. There are only a few white men who attended the wedding and interrupting their on-going conversation may be rude and awkward. Most of the attendees are Koreans which have a different communication style. Koreans are quite covert and have the tendency of not showing themselves to others. In short, they are not initiators of conversation and communication with other people. Their actions are also firm and delicate and they move with grace. Language differences may also be a problem. Some of them speak native Korean language that may hinder our understanding of one another. It is quite hard to initiate a conversation with people from different cultural identity for the fear of misunderstanding and conflict. They also have their personal beliefs that they may be sensitive about. Intimidation is also a problem in starting interpersonal communication with other people. Fish out of water sensation is a feeling that a person may feel while dealing with events and situations where they feel different and deviant. However, overcoming this feeling is quite easy. First, you will never really get to know people when you do not approach them. Communication is always the key, along with politeness and respect. Overcoming this particular feeling in events that may make you feel uncomfortable will provide a good opportunity to learn other cultures, traditions and practices that may be helpful for you in relating with people of the same cultural identity the next time you encounter them. It will also be a good opportunity to become knowledgeable in intercultural communication which is vital in today’s global society. Work Cited â€Å"Cultural Relativism – Illogical Standard. † 2009. Cultural-Relativism. com. 26 March 2009 .

Examples Of Parody Essays

Examples Of Parody Essays Examples Of Parody Paper Examples Of Parody Paper He has been a target of parodies of his love and martial affairs in private life. This image titled 3. Entertainment (film) Gung If Hustle is combined existed film in Hollywood and Hong Kong martial arts films. Chow said l just want to entertain which is the goal of him to produce parodies. Gung If Hustle is paying respect to Hong Kong martial arts films and culture, but more often as spoofs and derides to Hold. Rood action films and hero. Sotto mentions that Chow criticized the HollyDOD films and heroes with cross cultural. In Stephen Chows interview, Chow mentioned that anted to show that the spirit of martial arts film is not just about fighting The casting of Chows films always is uncharacteristically. In Gung If Hustle, Chow mocks the heroism that should be physically fit and charming, but he chooses the poor, the old and the effeminate as the potential heroes. This parody of character can reenact martial arts films by changing the myths of gender and sexuality in traditional culture. Social Issue (Short clip) Nowadays, housing problem is very serious in Hong Kong. This is shown by the astronomically high price of housing in Hong Kong and the slightly shortage of housing units. The video Kings Cube was created by imitating promotional videos for luxury properties in Hong Kong and has been brought to public attention. In the six-minutes of clips, the student Joe-You, performs as a real estate agent to dazzle potential buyers. He uses flowery rhetoric to sell a 1. 5- square meter subdivided unit which is generally called as Humble home or Cubicle Unit, for examples, elegant and durable flooring, environment-friendly living and international class marble.

J.B.S. Haldane An Evolution Biography

J.B.S. Haldane An Evolution Biography J.B.S. Haldane was an evolutionary biologist who made many contributions to the field of evolution. Dates: Born November 5, 1892 - Died December 1, 1964 Early Life and Education John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Jack, for short) was born on November 5, 1892, in Oxford, England to Louisa Kathleen Trotter and John Scott Haldane. The Haldane family was well off and valued education beginning at an early age. Jacks father was a well-known psychologist in Oxford and as an eight-year-old child, Jack started studying the discipline with his father and assisted him in his work. He also learned genetics by breeding guinea pigs as a child. Jacks formal schooling was done at Eton College and New College at Oxford. He obtained his M.A. in 1914. Soon after, Haldane enlisted in the British Army and served during World War I. Personal Life After returning from the war, Haldane began teaching at the University of Cambridge in 1922. In 1924 he met Charlotte Franken Burghes. She was a reporter for a local publication and was married at the time that they met. She ended up divorcing her husband so she could marry Jack, almost costing him his teaching position at Cambridge for the controversy. The couple married in 1925 after her divorce was final. Haldane took a teaching position at the University of California, Berkeley in 1932, but returned to London in 1934 to spend the majority of the rest of his teaching career at the University of London. In 1946, Jack and Charlotte separated in 1942 and finally divorced in 1945 so he could marry Dr. Helen Spurway. In 1956, the Haldanes moved to India to teach and study there. Jack was openly atheist as he said that was how he conducted his experiments. He felt it wasnt fair to assume no God would interfere with the experiments he conducted, so he could not reconcile having a personal belief in any god. He often used himself as a test subject. Jack allegedly would perform dangerous experiments, such as drinking hydrochloric acid to test the effects on muscle control. Career and Accomplishments Jack Haldane excelled in the field of mathematics. He spent most of his teaching and research career interested in the mathematical side of genetics and particularly how enzymes worked. In 1925, Jack published his work with G.E. Briggs about enzymes that included the Briggs-Haldane equation. This equation took a previously published equation by Victor Henri and helped reinterpret how enzyme kinetics worked. Haldane also published many works on population genetics, again utilizing mathematics to support his ideas. He used his mathematical equations to support Charles Darwins idea of Natural Selection. This led to Jack helping to contribute to the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution. He was able to link Natural Selection to Gregor Mendels genetics using mathematics. This proved to be an invaluable addition to the many pieces of evidence that helped support the Theory of Evolution. Darwin himself did not have the privilege of knowing about genetics, so a quantitative way to measure how a population evolved was a major breakthrough at the time. Haldanes work brought a new understanding and renewed support of the Theory of Evolution by quantifying the theory. By using quantifiable data, he made the observations by Darwin and others verifiable. This allowed other scientists across the world to use their own data in support of the new Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution linking genetics and evolution. Jack Haldane died December 1, 1964, after a bout with cancer.

Classical Era Reflection Paper (Evolution of Management Class) Essay

Classical Era Reflection Paper (Evolution of Management Class) - Essay Example Furthermore, the paper includes discussion on scientific management principles as well as their significance in the activities of today’s managers. Over the years all these theories have been greatly practiced in different workplaces throughout the world. One of the major objectives of discussing these theories is helping the today’s managers so that they can utilize their capabilities in the best possible ways. In addition to these, the paper also includes disadvantages of using these theories. As a result, it is expected that this paper is going to be very useful for the managers in making effective decisions in their career. Classical Era and It’s Impact The basic concept of management is one of the oldest concepts in the world. Individuals and organizations have been using the core concepts of management over the past few centuries throughout the world. Without proper management wars could not be won. Even the wonders of this world and the process in which th ey are built, reflect the fact that ‘management principles’ were greatly in use even in the past. However, there was lack of written formats of the core principles of management. The classical era of management started from 1880 and it lasted till 1930. Prior to this classical era there was pre-scientific era of management that started from 1000 and lasted till the beginning the classical era (Singh, 2009). During classical era general management theories started to evolve. Two of the main thrusts were scientific management and administrative theory. Famous French industrialist, Henri Fayol can be called as the father of administrative theory. He came up with five functions of management and 14 universal principles (Singh, 2009). On the other hand, scientific management came in the picture in 1900 (Singh, 2009). Basically it is the advanced edition of systematic management which was proposed with the purpose of solving the managers’ problems regarding the demand of consumers (Russell & Taylor, 2006). The partial failure of systematic management principles resulted in the origination of scientific management. Scientific management can be defined as the â€Å"management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment or reasoning† (Kreitner, 2006). Frederick Taylor is known to be the father of this type of management. Taylor was able to improve the individual outputs significantly by conducting ‘task and time study’ and developing ‘piece-rate incentive systems’. He also used systematic training and selection process. His main objective was to make the behavior and attitude in the workplaces as predictable and as stable as possible, because predictable and stable work behavior is likely to improve the level of efficiency of sophisticated factories and machines. Taylor heavily trusted on various monetary incentive schemes as he us ed to believe that money is one of the biggest motivating factors that can improve the performance of even lazy workers (Singh, 2009). Four basic principles that were proposed by him are (i) development of scientific approach, (ii) scientific selection, training and teaching, (iii) encouragement of co-operation among the managers and workers and lastly (iv) proper division of responsibilities among management and workers (McDaniel & Gitman, 2007). There are many other contemporary experts who followed